Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed Essay Example

Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed Paper Input Data is factual information and it needs to be accurately captured in order to be processed. There are many methods to input data and each situation warrants a different method. There can be several different ways to input the information and it can be done in an automatic fashion, as with a computer, or it can be done manually, as with a human writing the information down. For instance, printed questionnaires would best use a special scanning device called an optical data reader that uses optical mark recognition (OMR); when people complete the OMR form using pencils to fill in boxes on OMR paper an optical mark reader (OMR) can convert the pencil marks into digital data. The best method for a telephone survey would be the phone key pad since an integrated voice system (IVR) would be able to capture the touch tone responses. To input data from bank checks, the best method would be an image replacement document (IRD), where a paper facsimile that is the legal equivalent of an original check is transmitted electronically, since this reduces costs and fraud losses. Retail tags can be placed with a microchip, called a smart chip, that easily relays the product information when scanned with a radio-frequency identification (RFID) scanner and this would be the fastest, easiest method for inputting the data into the store’s computer system. We will write a custom essay sample on Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Long documents would best be processed with a computer scanner so that the information on the document can be copied exactly and stored easily on the computer for reading or printing. Whatever the situation, there will be a satisfactory method to gather the information. Output Once the data has been accurately gathered, the information needs to be produced in some format. This process, known as output, is the opposite of the initial input process. Again, it can be accomplished many ways. For a hand held computer, the best output method would be a small screen called a liquid crystal display screen (LCD) because this would be the best way to view the data. For a color photograph the best method of output would be on a high end ink jet printer that produces color photo quality images on photographic paper because a photo needs to be vivid and clear. For a resume, the best method of output would be a color injet printer because it can print on different types of high quality paper, in different colors, or in different fonts. Again, an inkjet printer would be the best method of output for a memorandum because it would be easy to print out in black and white for multiple recipients. A statistical report could be processed best on a graphical printer, such as an inkjet printer, because you need to be able to have a printout that would display charts or graphs. The best method of output for a company annual report would be a professional printer because you would need a heavy duty printer that can handle large volumes and produce high quality documents.. Each situation would benefit from its own unique output method. Storage Devices Where there is input and output, there is always a place to store the information either long term or temporarily. Computer systems need to store greater amounts of data, instructions, and information in a more permanent manner than the main memory of a computer will allow. Therefore, secondary storage is required. Every individual situation determines which storage device would be the most effective way to store information. For example, a hard disk is best used to store information for long term, frequent use because it gives direct access to the information, such as a teacher having access to their students’ grades stored on a hard disk. A floppy disk is a portable way that data was transferred and was best used for information that needed to go from one application to another or one computer to another, such as a report that needed to be taken home after being created at work. It is not widely used anymore and was replaced by the compact disk read-only memory, or CD-ROM. The CD-ROM is a disk that cannot be recorded on once it has data written onto it, and is most appropriate for companies to store computer games or programs for the consumer to use. Random Access Memory, or RAM, is a storage device that is for temporary use, which is best used for running instructions while the computer is powered on. A flash/jump drive is a portable drive that can be used to store information that needs to be transported to different computers, such as a student saving their report and working on it using multiple computers. Tape is also an appropriate method to store data onto an audio- and videocassettes, when the information needs to be stored but does not need to be accessed quickly. This method is inexpensive and ideal for information that needs to be stored in case of a disaster. Different types of storage are optimal for different types of situations. Speed The speed of computer components is very important because input and output need to be processed efficiently. Random Access Memory (RAM) is temporary storage that can be lost in a disruption such as a power surge; the disk storage is often called random access because the reading head can move rather quickly from one piece of data to another, and does not have to read all the data in between. It’s speed is measured in megahertz and the greater the megahertz, the faster the RAM can read the data. The clock speed is a series of electronic pulses at a predetermined rate which affects the machine cycle time and the control unit executes an instruction in line with the electronic cycle, or pulses of the internal â€Å"clock. † Every instruction takes at least the same amount of time as the interval between pulses. The shorter the interval between pulses, the faster each instruction can be completed. Data on hard disks can be retrieved quickly because the disk spins. The faster the disk spins the fater it can transfer data and retrieve data. It is measured in megabites. Data on a CD-ROM can also be accessed quickly as the disk spins in the same way the hard disk spins and the faster it spins the faster the recoded data can be retireved from the CD-ROM. Data on a floppy disk is the slowest method which is why it is being phased out and replaced by faster methods like the CD-ROM. The different components of a computer all process and retrieve data at different speeds to efficiently complete input and output. Citations Stair, Ralph M. , Reynolds, George W. (2006). Fundamentals of Information Systems (3th ed. ). Boston: Thomson Course Technology. Wikipedia. (2007). Floppy Disk. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Floppy_disk Wikipedia. (2007). Random Access Memory. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/RAM Wikipedia. (2007). USB Flash Drive. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/USB_flash_drive

Middle Eastern Muslims

Middle Eastern Muslims Introduction Middle Eastern Muslims are characterized by inflexible cultural values, strong religious beliefs, and unique cultural practices and traditions (Friedman, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Middle Eastern Muslims specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They differ with Muslims in other countries significantly. Middle East has hit headlines for many years because of its cultural and religious beliefs that limit the rights and opportunities of women in society. Middle Eastern Muslims are conservative and not keen on embracing modernization. History The history of Middle Eastern Muslims dates back to around 600 CE (Friedman, 2006). In that year, Prophet Mohammed allegedly heard the word of God at Mecca for the first time. Afterwards, he presented Allah’s message to the people in a book called the Quran. The formation of Islam involved incorporation of social and political systems. However, before its fo rmation, communities were formed based on people’s tribal affiliations. Middle easterners rejected this societal system and embraced Islam that joined people together based on a common belief in one God (Friedman, 2006). The new community was based on religious affiliations and rejected tribal affiliation as an aspect of forming their identity. Religion Middle Eastern Muslims are commonly identified by their religion. Most of them practice Islam. In the Middle East, Islam is the predominant religion with the exception of nations such as Palestine and Israel (Bowen and Early, 2002). According to a survey conducted on all states that constitute Middle East, Islam is the principal religion. However, embracement of Islam as the main religion obscures the fact that within Islam, several sects exist. Examples of such sects include Shia, Sunni, and Shiite. Middle Easterners mostly belong to the Sunni sect (Bowen and Early, 2002). Shiite sect is common in Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon, whi le Shiite is common in Yemen. Other sects followed by Muslims include Alawites, the Ismailis, the Ibadis, and the Shafis. Family Middle Easterners value the family unit a lot. Kinship is the main aspect of both social and economic association (Schabler and Stenberg, 2004). The family that a person is born into is the most important societal unit recognized by Middle Eastern Muslims. Family is important because it offers shelter, social and emotional support, food, and a sense of belonging. Patrilineal families are also valued highly.Advertising Looking for report on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These families live together in organized units that allow intra-marriages (Schabler and Stenberg, 2004). As such, marriages between cousins are common. Early in their childhood, children are taught to respect elder members of the family (Bowen and Early, 2002). On the other hand, elder members take care o f younger family members. Women are taught to respect their brothers, uncles, and fathers. Unwed women are segregated and considered failures in the family. Marriage is a very important family aspect. Language The three main languages spoken by Middle Eastern Muslims include Arabic, Farsi, and Turkish. However, there are other minor languages and dialects used by minority groups. Many people combine their local dialect with a foreign language. For example, Lebanese Muslims usually mix the local Arabic dialect with French (Bowen and Early, 2002). In Afghanistan, Dari and Pashto are the languages used. These languages originated from the Iranian language. Languages spoken by minority groups include Uzbek and Turkmen (Schabler and Stenberg, 2004). In Gulf States that include Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Yemen, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates and Oman, Arabic is common. The dialect of Arabic is closely related to Fusha, the modern standard Arabic. Cultural practices and traditions Common cultural p ractices and traditions practiced by Middle Eastern Muslims include observation of certain traditional and cultural practices. These include pronunciation of Allah’s name before meals and physical cleansing (Schabler and Stenberg, 2004). They use their right hands when eating and drinking, invoke Allah’s blessing whenever they sneeze, and recite the â€Å"Adhaan’ in the right ear of a new born to convey the parent’s spiritual natures into the newborn (Bowen and Early, 2002). It is also part of their tradition to trim moustaches, clip nails, and shave armpit and pubic hair. In addition, they observe the rite of circumcision (Schabler and Stenberg, 2004). These practices constitute their tradition of physical cleansing and are practiced because Prophet Mohammed initiated and approved them.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Middle Eastern Muslims specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Implications for psychological theory and practice The foregoing characteristics of Middle Eastern Muslims have deep implications for psychological theory and practice. They determine the emotional and psychological well being of people that practice them (Schabler and Stenberg, 2004). The practice of incorporating cultural practices and traditions into their religion has far-reaching implications (Schabler and Stenberg, 2004). For example, people who ignore or violate their traditions and values are either severely punished or cast away from Islam. This may have serious effects, which include emotional and psychological implications. In addition, these practices determine how people view and treat them relative to other groups. Conclusion Middle Eastern Muslims have a different way of life from other Muslim communities in other parts of the globe. The group was formed in 600 CE when Prophet Mohammed received God’s instructions and presented them to Muslims in a book called the Quran. Th eir culture and tradition is similar in some way to the general culture of Muslims. They wash hands before eating, eat and drink with their right hands, and conduct physical cleansing. The predominant language is Arabic even though other minor languages exist. In many areas, the Arabic dialect is mixed with foreign languages such as English and French. These characteristics determine how other people perceive Muslims, which affects their emotional, social, and psychological wellbeing. References Bowen, D., and Early, E. (2002). Everyday life in the Muslim Middle East. New York: Indiana University Press. Friedman, S. (2006). A History of the Middle East. New York: McFarland. Schabler, S., and Stenberg, L. (2004). Globalization and the Muslim World: Culture,  Religion, and Modernity. New York: Syracuse University Press.Advertising Looking for report on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Policy Competition for Foreign Direct Investment Case Study

Policy Competition for Foreign Direct Investment - Case Study Example Multinational companies have an upper hand on governments in developing nations. The developing nations have the need to grow. They need large multinationals to stimulate economic growth. This country is rich in oil, a valuable resource. The multinational company dictated the terms of operation in that country. The government agreed to these terms at the expense of the citizens. (Oman 78) This shows weakness in the government. The politicians are more driven by short horizon policies that achieve economic growth and are blind to the long run impact on citizens and the economy. The agreement was made between the company and the politicians. Most politicians do not have the relevant skills to make such decisions as oil exploration. Multinationals take advantage of the illiteracy levels in developing nations to get ahead in business. They are, after all, large private companies whose priority is to make profits. In achieving this objective, it created employment for the locals. Increase d income of the local employees improved their living standards. The host country GDP improved as a result of the Chevron operations. These are the benefits that the previous government sought to achieve. ... The government is in a position to set up public hospitals and dispensaries to take care of the local community health needs. This case shows the failure of eh government in setting its priorities straight. It also indicates a lack of national sovereignty. The multinational dictates its terms of operations in that country. This s was done to favor its own objectives. The government in a developing nation is powerless in the presence of a large multinational. Who protects such governments? Where were the World Bank and the UN? The safety of people, the environment and national sovereignty should be the responsibility of many bodies and not just the government. (Oman 112) The multinational in this case has failed in the following ways. First, it overlooked the global environmental laws that require proper waste management. It used its power and resources to manipulate the previous government into agreeing to its terms of service and keeping quiet on the harm the company caused. As a re sponsible company, it should have engaged in some corporate social responsibility. This includes but is not limited to treating waste before disposal, construction of a health unit to address the community health needs. Chevron management ignored all these. The current government realized the problem in the previous arrangement. Unlike the past weaker government, it has gone ahead and sued the company. The refusal of the state to settle is a clear indication of the care it has for its citizens. Although the company sues the state for negative publicity, the company is on a losing battle from moral ethics stand. A mistake was done; it should have e been addressed in all ways possible.